EPA Has Been a Lax Regulator of Ballast Water Discharges
Despite the sky-is-falling concerns of the shipping industry, EPA has not used the Clean Water Act to control ballast water discharges of invasive species. Its first Vessel General Permit (VGP) was issued in 2008 and did little more than require ships to follow the treatment standards set out in the as-then-unratified International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) treaty. These IMO requirements are weak, do not reflect the best treatment technology that currently exists, and are not adequate to protect US waters from invasive species. NWEA challenged the VGP in 2009 and in a settlement EPA agreed to seek the advice of two expert panels of scientists. EPA issued a second VGP in 2013, which NWEA again challenged. In 2015, NWEA won a precedent-setting decision in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals that EPA had violated numerous aspects of the CWA in issuing its lax permit.